Frequent contributor Nick Cornford recently shared design ideas incorporating cool circuits for linear-in-pitch voltage-controlled oscillators (LPVCOs):
- Revealing the infrasonic underworld cheaply: Part 1 and Part 2
- A pitch-linear VCO: Part 1 and Part 2
Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide
The linear in pitch function, which makes output frequency proportional to the antilog of voltage, is interesting because it provides a better perceptual interface to the inherently logarithmic human ear than a linear frequency.
One measure of the performance of an LPVCO is its octave range. That’s the ratio of highest to lowest frequency that its output spans, expressed as the binary (base 2) logarithm of the ratio. Two octaves (22 = 4:1) is good. Three octaves (23 = 8:1) is better. The LPVCO in Figure 1 does seven (27 = 128:1).
Figure 1 A seven-octave LPVCO comprises Q1 Q2 antilog pair that converts the 0 V to 5 V Vin, to a 1 µA to 128 µA Ic2, for a proportional 27 = 128:1 change in C1 ramp rate and U1 oscillation frequency. Counter U2 then scales the U1 oscillation frequency by 4 and converts to a three-level, very vaguely “sine-ish,” output waveform.
Here’s how it works.
Control voltage Vin is scaled by a voltage divider (R1/R2 + 1) = 34:1 and applied to the Q1 Q2 exponential-gain current mirror. There, it is level-shifted and temperature-compensated by Q1, then anti-logged by Q2 to produce
Ic2 = 2(1.4Vin) µA. The resulting C1 timing ramp spans from 5 ms (for Vin = 0) to 40 µs (for Vin = 5 V). The ramp ends when it crosses analog timer U1’s 1.67-V trigger level and is reset via R5 and D1 to U1’s threshold level of 3.33 V, starting another oscillation cycle. The resulting sawtooth will therefore repeat at F = Ic2/(1.67C2) = 2(1.4Vin) µA / 5nCb = 200 (2(1.4Vin) ) Hz.
Nick’s lovely designs show that short pulses such as U1’s output spikes require conversion to a waveshape with a less intense harmonic content if we want to hear a listenable audio output. Therefore, U2’s switch-tail counter divides U1’s oscillation frequency by 4. This produces a hardly sinusoidal, but at least somewhat less annoying, tri-level 50 Hz to 6400 Hz final output.
Thanks go to Nick for a fun and well-conceived design topic, and of course to editor Aalyia for her friendly Design Idea department format that makes such enjoyable collaboration possible!
Stephen Woodward’s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 100 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.
Related Content
- Revealing the infrasonic underworld cheaply, Part 1
- Revealing the infrasonic underworld cheaply, Part 2
- A pitch-linear VCO, part 1: Getting it going
- A pitch-linear VCO, part 2: taking it further
- Can a free running LMC555 VCO discharge its timing cap to zero?
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